[1] SpineNet: Automated Classification and Evidence Visualisation (Medical Image Analysis 41:63–73), 2017 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28756059/

[2] Convolutional Approach to Vertebrae Detection and Labelling in Whole Spine MRI (MICCAI 2020) https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-030-59725-2_69

[3] Automated Detection, Labelling and Radiological Grading of Clinical MR Scans (Nature Scientific Reports) 2022 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-64580-w

[4] Grob et al. External validation of the deep learning system “SpineNet” for grading radiological features of degeneration on MRIs of the lumbar spine. ESJ (2022) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35835892/

[5] McSweeney et al. External validation of SpineNet, a deep learning model for automated grading of lumbar disc degeneration MRI features, using the Northern Finland Birth Cohort. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2020 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36728678/

[6] Are current machine learning applications comparable to radiologist classification of degenerate and herniated discs and Modic change? A systematic review and meta-analysis, European Spine Journal. Volume 32, pp3764-3787, (2023) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37150769/

[7] Ishimoto Y, et al. Could automated machine-learned MRI grading aid epidemiological studies of lumbar spinal stenosis? Validation within the Wakayama spine study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2020 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32164627/

[8] Roller et al. Accurate prediction of lumbar microdecompression level with an automated MRI grading system. Skeletal Radiol 2021 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32607805/

[9] Automated detection of spinal bone marrow oedema in axial spondyloarthritis: training and validation using two large phase 3 trial datasets, Jamaludin et al., Rheumatology 64(10) Oct 2025, pp5446-5454 https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/64/10/5446/8159075

[10] Automated detection of active and structural MRI lesions in the sacroiliac joints in axial spondyloarthritis: training and validation across three phase III clinical trial datasets, Jamaludin et al., Ann. Rheum. Dis.. Sep 2026m In press. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42701084/

[11] Sensitivity to change of an automated MRI bone marrow oedema scoring system for the spine and sacroiliac joints in axial spondyloarthritis: analysis of three phase 3 trials, Ahmed et al., EULAR 2026.